Biology is the study of life. Biologists analyze organism functions at the cellular and molecular levels using genetics, biochemistry, and microscopy. They also study interactions between organisms and with the environment by examining behavior, morphology, physiology and genetics. Students can take a broad curriculum within Biological Sciences or focus on specific areas, such as ecology, evolution and behavior, cell and molecular biology, or microbiology.
Studies in Biological Sciences have applications across many areas including agriculture, medicine, and the environment. Biological Sciences is a popular choice for students preparing for careers in healthcare, agriculture, natural resources and environmental sciences, food management, bioremediation, as well as the biomedical and biotechnology fields. A degree in Biological Sciences also prepares students for professional careers in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, veterinary science, and education, and graduate studies in the life sciences.
Course of Study – Bachelor of Science Degree
Complete 120 credits including 75 credits in the College of Letters & Science and with 36 of the 75 credits in L&S upper-level (numbered above 300) courses and 30 of those 36 credits in designated L&S Advanced Natural Science courses.
The College requires that students complete in residence at UWM at least 15 credits in upper-division (numbered 300 or above) courses in their major. The College also requires that students complete at least 30 credits overall in residence at UWM. For additional residency and transfer credit limitations, see L&S Undergraduate Policies and Regulations.
Students are also required to complete University-wide General Education Requirements and the specific L&S requirements listed below.
To complete a major, students must satisfy all the requirements of the major as stated in this catalog. Students who declare their majors within five years of entering the UW System as a degree candidate may satisfy the requirements outlined in any catalog issued since the time they entered. Credits used to satisfy the major also may be used to satisfy other degree requirements.
University General Education Requirements (GER)
| Code | Title | Credits |
|---|---|---|
| Oral and Written Communication | ||
| Part A | ||
| Achieve a grade of C or better in the following course: | ||
| ENGLISH 102 | College Writing and Research (or equivalent) | |
| Part B | ||
| Course designated as OWC-B; may be completed through a major-specific course requirement | ||
| Quantitative Literacy | ||
| Part A | ||
| Earn at least 3 credits with a grade of C or higher in one of the following courses or an equivalent course, or achieve a placement code of at least 30 on the mathematics placement test (or other appropriate test, as determined by the Mathematical Sciences Department) | ||
| Mathematical Literacy for College Students II | ||
| Contemporary Applications of Mathematics | ||
| Introduction to College Algebra | ||
| Algebraic Literacy II | ||
| Introduction to Logic - Critical Reasoning 1 | ||
or PHILOS 111 | Introduction to Logic - Critical Reasoning | |
| College Algebra | ||
Or equivalent course | ||
| Part B | ||
| Course designated as QL-B; may be completed through a major-specific course requirement | ||
| Arts | ||
| Select 3 credits | 3 | |
| Humanities | ||
| Select 6 credits | 6 | |
| Social Sciences | ||
| Select 6 credits | 6 | |
| Natural Sciences | ||
| Select 6 credits (at least two courses including one lab) | 6 | |
| UWM Foreign Language Requirement | ||
| Complete Foreign Language Requirement through: | ||
Two years (high school) of a single foreign language | ||
Two semesters (college) of a single foreign language | ||
Or equivalent | ||
| UWM Cultural Diversity Requirement | ||
| One course from the Arts, Humanities, or Social Sciences must also satisfy UWM's Cultural Diversity requirement | ||
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Math 111 and Philosophy 111 are jointly offered and count as repeats of one another. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.
College of Letters & Science Requirements
The degree requirements in the College of Letters and Science build on the University General Education Requirements to provide a broad base of knowledge as well as an array of skills cited by employers as critical to professional success: critical thinking, problem solving, oral and written communication, ability to work well with others, and adaptability to change.
For the Bachelor of Science (B.S.), you must complete the UWM General Education Requirements as well as these L&S requirements: the International requirement, the Breadth requirement, and the Research requirement. The International requirement develops your potential for cross-cultural understanding in a globalizing world. The Breadth requirement ensures that you take classes in a wide variety of subjects, across humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences. The Research requirement calls for you to build your critical thinking and oral and written communication skills through conducting an independent research project, usually in your major.
For the Bachelor of Science (B.S.) you will complete additional coursework in L&S Advanced Natural Science courses.
I. Total Credits and Upper-Division Courses Requirement
Students must complete 120 credits including 75 credits in the College of Letters & Science and with 36 of the 75 credits in L&S upper-level (numbered above 300) courses.
II. L&S Advanced Natural Sciences Requirement
For the Bachelor of Science, students must complete 30 credits of the 36 credits in upper-division courses in designated L&S Advanced Natural Science courses.
III. International Requirement
To meet the International Requirement, students must successfully complete some three course (minimum 9 credits) combination of
- language other than English (not including American Sign Language) at 3rd semester level or above, and/or
- non-language courses with L&S approved international content (see Courses Approved for the L&S International Requirement for course options).
IV. Breadth Requirement
In addition to completing the University General Education Requirements, L&S students must complete the Breadth requirement.
The L&S Breadth requirement calls for 6 credits each in L&S courses designated L&S Humanities, L&S Natural Sciences, and L&S Social Sciences breadth. One of the L&S Natural Science breadth courses must be a laboratory or fieldwork course. These courses must be beyond and in addition to courses in those areas used to satisfy General Education Requirements.
Please refer to the list of Courses Approved for the L&S Breadth Requirement.
V. The Major
The College requires that students attain at least a 2.0 GPA in all credits in the major attempted at UWM. In addition, students must attain a 2.0 GPA on all major credits attempted, including any transfer work. Individual departments or programs may require higher GPAs for graduation. Some departmental majors require courses from other departments. Contact your major department for information on whether those credits will count as part of the major GPA. The College requires that students must complete in residence at UWM at least 15 credits in upper-division (numbered 300 or above) courses in their major.
Research Requirement
Within their majors, students must complete a research experience approved by the L&S faculty. A list of courses satisfying the research requirement in each major can be found here.
VI. The Minor
Students are encouraged to consider completing a minor, but it is not required. To complete a minor, the College of Letters and Science requires that students attain at least a 2.0 GPA in all credits in the minor attempted at UWM. In addition, students must attain a 2.0 GPA on all minor credits attempted, including any transfer work. The minor must contain at least 9 credits in upper-division (numbered 300 and above) courses.
Biological Sciences Major Requirements
The Biological Sciences major requires the following:
- A minimum of 34 credits in Biological Sciences, of which 26 must be at the advanced (300 and above) level.
- At least 15 of the advanced credits must be taken in residence at UWM.
- Completion of four (4) laboratory courses.
- A GPA of 2.0 in Biological Sciences courses attempted at UWM.
- A GPA of at least 2.0 in all major credits attempted, including any transfer work.
No more than eight (8) credits in 100-level courses in Biological Sciences may be applied toward the major, and students may not combine BIO SCI 150, BIO SCI 202, and BIO SCI 203 for more than 9 credits toward the major. A combined limit of 6 credits in the following list count towards the major:
| Code | Title | Credits |
|---|---|---|
| Independent Study and Research: | ||
| Internship in Biological Sciences, Upper Division | ||
| Independent Study in Freshwater Sciences for Biological Sciences Students | ||
| Independent Study in Cell and Molecular Biology | ||
| Independent Study in Microbiology | ||
| Independent Study | ||
| Research in Honors | ||
| Senior Honors Project | ||
| Senior Honors Thesis |
At least 20 credits at the advanced level (300 and above) must be taken in in BIO SCI courses.
Students who plan to attend graduate or professional schools are advised to take the one-year sequence of Organic Chemistry with lab, a course in Biochemistry (CHEM 501), and two semesters of Calculus. For those pursuing the General or Cell and Molecular Biology option, CHEM 501 will also count towards the major.
Listed below are the foundational requirements for the three options, followed by the Biological Sciences major requirements for the three options:
| Code | Title | Credits |
|---|---|---|
| Math Foundation | ||
| Select one of the following: | 4-5 | |
| Survey in Calculus and Analytic Geometry I | ||
| Calculus with Life Sciences Applications | ||
| Honors Calculus I | ||
| Calculus and Analytic Geometry I | ||
| Physical Sciences Foundation | ||
| For students choosing the General Biology Option or the Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB) Option, select one of the following options: | 9-10 | |
Option 1: | ||
| General Physics I (Non-Calculus Treatment) | ||
| General Physics II (Non-Calculus Treatment) | ||
| General Physics Laboratory I (Non-Calculus Treatment) (at least one semester) | ||
or PHYSICS 123 | General Physics Laboratory II (Non-Calculus Treatment) | |
Option 2: | ||
| Physics I (Calculus Treatment) | ||
| Physics II (Calculus Treatment) | ||
| Lab Physics I (Calculus Treatment) (at least one semester) | ||
or PHYSICS 215 | Lab Physics II (Calculus Treatment) | |
Option 3: | ||
| Physics I: Calculus-Based, Studio Format | ||
| Physics II: Calculus-Based, Studio Format | ||
| For students choosing the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB) Option, select one of the following: | 3-5 | |
| Our Physical Environment | ||
| Introduction to the Earth | ||
| Evolution of the Earth | ||
| A History of Life | ||
| Introduction to Ocean Sciences and Ocean Sciences Laboratory | ||
| General Physics I (Non-Calculus Treatment) and General Physics Laboratory I (Non-Calculus Treatment) | ||
| General Physics II (Non-Calculus Treatment) and General Physics Laboratory II (Non-Calculus Treatment) | ||
| Physics I (Calculus Treatment) and Lab Physics I (Calculus Treatment) | ||
| Physics II (Calculus Treatment) and Lab Physics II (Calculus Treatment) | ||
| Physics I: Calculus-Based, Studio Format | ||
| Physics II: Calculus-Based, Studio Format | ||
| Chemistry Foundation | ||
| Part A: | ||
| For all Biological Sciences majors: | 10 | |
| General Chemistry | ||
| General Chemistry and Qualitative Analysis | ||
| Part B (required for students choosing the General Biology Option or the Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB) Option): 1, 2 | ||
| Select one of the following options: | 5-8 | |
| Option 1: | ||
| Introductory Survey of Organic Chemistry | ||
| Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory | ||
| Option 2: | ||
| Organic Chemistry | ||
| Organic Chemistry Laboratory | ||
| Organic Chemistry | ||
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For students choosing the Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB) option, CHEM 343, CHEM 344, and CHEM 345 (option 2) are required, and a second physics lab is strongly recommended.
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For students choosing the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB) Option, there is no Organic Chemistry (Part B) requirement, though it is advised for certain subfields. Consultation with your departmental advisor is strongly recommended, particularly for students who plan to attend graduate or professional schools.
General Biology Option
| Code | Title | Credits |
|---|---|---|
| Required Biological Sciences Course | ||
| BIO SCI 150 | Foundations of Biological Sciences I | 4 |
| BIO SCI 152 | Foundations of Biological Sciences II | 4 |
| BIO SCI 325 | Genetics | 4 |
| Select at least one of the following: | 4-5 | |
| General Ecology | ||
| Cell Biology and Laboratory in Genetics and Cell Biology | ||
| General Microbiology | ||
| Research Requirement 1 | ||
| Select one of the following: | 1-6 | |
| Seminar on Recent Advances in Limnology and Oceanography | ||
| Senior Seminar in Biological Sciences | ||
| Undergraduate Seminar in Microbiology | ||
| Undergraduate Seminar in Cell and Molecular Biology | ||
| Research in Honors | ||
| Senior Honors Project | ||
| Senior Honors Thesis | ||
| Independent Study in Freshwater Sciences for Biological Sciences Students | ||
| Independent Study in Cell and Molecular Biology | ||
| Independent Study in Microbiology | ||
| Independent Study | ||
| Research Requirement option for Biological Sciences/Conservation and Environmental Sciences (CES) double majors only: | ||
| Practicum in Natural Resources Management | ||
| Laboratory Course Requirement | ||
| A total of 4 labs courses are required for the major. This requirement may be satisfied by the courses listed above; if not, select additional lab courses from the list below. | 1-4 | |
| Anatomy and Physiology I | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology II | ||
| General Ecology (if not selected above) | ||
| Laboratory in Genetics and Cell Biology (if not selected above) | ||
| General Microbiology (if not selected above) | ||
| Birds of Wisconsin | ||
| Field Methods in Conservation | ||
| Plant and Aquatic Ecophysiology Laboratory | ||
| Laboratory Techniques in Molecular Biology | ||
| Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory | ||
| Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory | ||
| Experimental Microbiology | ||
| Electives | ||
| Select electives to reach a minimum of 34 credits in Biological Sciences, of which 26 must be at the advanced (300 and above) level. 2, 3 | 16 | |
| Total Credits | 34-43 | |
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All courses taught as independent studies intended to fulfill the research requirement must have prior departmental approval.
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Up to six credits from the following courses may be counted as electives in the major: CHEM 501, ANTHRO 301, BMS 534, BMS 535, PSYCH 254, and PSYCH 654.
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Students may elect to take these SFS courses (FRSHWTR 511, FRSHWTR 563 and FRSHWTR 567) to earn credit toward the Biology major provided that they earn 30 advanced credits in Natural Sciences within the College of Letters and Science, as required for the BS degree.
Cell and Molecular Biology Option
| Code | Title | Credits |
|---|---|---|
| Core Courses | ||
| BIO SCI 150 | Foundations of Biological Sciences I | 4 |
| BIO SCI 152 | Foundations of Biological Sciences II | 4 |
| BIO SCI 315 | Cell Biology | 3 |
| BIO SCI 316 | Laboratory in Genetics and Cell Biology | 2 |
| BIO SCI 325 | Genetics | 4 |
| Laboratory Course Requirement | ||
| Select at least one of the following: | 1-4 | |
| Anatomy and Physiology II | ||
| General Microbiology | ||
| Plant and Aquatic Ecophysiology Laboratory | ||
| Laboratory Techniques in Molecular Biology | ||
| Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory | ||
| Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory | ||
| Experimental Microbiology | ||
| Research Requirement 1 | ||
| BIO SCI 672 | Undergraduate Seminar in Cell and Molecular Biology | 1-3 |
| or BIO SCI 697 | Independent Study in Cell and Molecular Biology | |
| Electives | ||
| Select additional Cell and Molecular Biology courses to reach a minimum of 34 credits in Biological Sciences, of which 26 must be at the advanced (300 and above) level. | 15 | |
| Mammalian Reproductive Biology | ||
| Developmental Biology | ||
| Mammalian Physiology | ||
| Immunology | ||
| General Virology | ||
| Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology | ||
| Molecular Genetics | ||
| Genetics of Development and Cancer | ||
| Plant Physiology | ||
| Molecular Biology of Microorganisms | ||
| Bacterial Pathogenesis | ||
| Microbial Diversity and Physiology | ||
| Biological Electron Microscopy | ||
| Endocrinology | ||
| Gene Regulation in Stem Cells and Regeneration | ||
| Cell Biology of Human Disease | ||
| Functional Genomics | ||
| Introduction to Biochemistry | ||
| Total Credits | 34-39 | |
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All courses taught as independent studies intended to fulfill the research requirement must have prior departmental approval.
Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Option
| Code | Title | Credits |
|---|---|---|
| Required Biological Sciences Courses | ||
| BIO SCI 150 | Foundations of Biological Sciences I | 4 |
| BIO SCI 152 | Foundations of Biological Sciences II | 4 |
| BIO SCI 310 | General Ecology | 4 |
| BIO SCI 325 | Genetics | 4 |
| BIO SCI 465 | Biostatistics | 3 |
| Laboratory Course Requirement | ||
| Select at least one of the following: | 2-4 | |
| Birds of Wisconsin | ||
| General Microbiology | ||
| Field Methods in Conservation | ||
| Plant and Aquatic Ecophysiology Laboratory | ||
| Introduction to Programming and Modeling in Ecology and Evolution | ||
| Laboratory Techniques in Molecular Biology | ||
| Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory | ||
| Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory | ||
| Research Requirement 1 | ||
| Select one of the following: | 1-6 | |
| Seminar on Recent Advances in Limnology and Oceanography | ||
| Senior Seminar in Biological Sciences | ||
| Independent Study in Freshwater Sciences for Biological Sciences Students | ||
| Independent Study | ||
| Practicum in Natural Resources Management | ||
| Research in Honors | ||
| Senior Honors Project | ||
| Senior Honors Thesis | ||
| Additional Electives | ||
| Select electives to reach a minimum of 34 credits in Biological Sciences, of which 26 must be at the advanced (300 and above) level. | 12 | |
| Mammalian Physiology | ||
| Immunology | ||
| Marine Biology | ||
| Ecology and Evolution of Amphibians and Reptiles | ||
| Community Ecology | ||
| Genomic Data Analysis | ||
| Ecological Genetics | ||
| Plant Physiology | ||
| Conservation Biology | ||
| Limnology I | ||
| Behavioral Ecology | ||
| Microbial Diversity and Physiology | ||
| Topics in Field Biology: | ||
| Evolutionary Biology | ||
| Ichthyology 2 | ||
| Total Credits | 34-41 | |
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All courses taught as independent studies intended to fulfill the research requirement must have prior departmental approval.
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Students may elect to take SFS course FRSHWTR 511, to earn credit toward the EEB option provided that they earn 30 advanced credits in Natural Sciences within the College of Letters and Science, as required for the BS degree.
Biological Sciences BA/BS Learning Outcomes
Students graduating from the Biological Sciences BA/BS Program will be able to:
- Use diverse field and laboratory skills to investigate scientific biological problems.
- Use the scientific method to test hypotheses about biological questions.
- Critically evaluate experimental design and analyze quantitative and graphical data.
- Search peer-reviewed literature to obtain scientific information.
- Synthesize and integrate scientific information.
- Communicate scientific information to other scientists, students, and the general public.
- Explain evolution as the cause of the diversity of life forms, patterns and processes.
- Relate biological information and concepts to societal and ethical questions.
Letters & Science Advising
During your time at UWM, you may have multiple members of your success team, including advisors, peer mentors and success coaches. Letters & Science students typically work with at least two different types of advisors as they pursue their degrees: professional college advisors and faculty advisors. L&S college advisors advise across your entire degree program while departmental faculty advisors focus on the major.
College advisors are located in Holton Hall (or virtually for online students) and serve as your primary advisor. They are your point person for your questions about navigating college and completing your degree. College advisors will:
- Assist you in defining your academic and life goals.
- Help you create an educational plan that is consistent with those goals.
- Assist you in understanding curriculum, major and degree requirements for graduation, as well as university policies and procedures.
- Provide you with information about campus and community resources and refer you to those resources as appropriate.
- Monitor your progress toward graduation and completion of requirements.
Faculty advisors mentor students in the major and assist them in maximizing their development in the program. You will begin working with a faculty advisor when you declare your major. Faculty advisors are an important partner and will:
- Help you understand major requirements and course offerings in the department.
- Explain opportunities for internships and undergraduate research and guide you in obtaining those experiences.
- Serve as an excellent resource as you consider potential graduate programs and career paths in your field.
Students are encouraged to meet with both their college advisor and faculty advisor at least once each semester. Appointments are available in-person, by phone or by video.
Currently enrolled students should use the Navigate360 website to make an appointment with your assigned advisor or call (414) 229-4654 if you do not currently have an assigned Letters & Science advisor. Prospective students who haven't enrolled in classes yet should call (414) 229-7711 or email let-sci@uwm.edu.
Department Advising
Students should contact an advisor (uwm.edu/biology/undergraduate/advising/) as soon as possible in their freshman year about required courses and the recommended course sequence within Biological Sciences programs. The student should attend fall or spring departmental Open Advising or contact a Department of Biological Sciences faculty advisor (uwm.edu/biology/undergraduate/advising/) who will then guide the student in planning his/her course choices to accomplish his/her goals. Students should consult their College academic advisors in Holton Hall and their faculty advisors in the Department of Biological Sciences prior to each registration period.
Major or Minor Declaration
Biological Sciences students should be enrolled in BIO SCI 150 before officially declaring a major in Biological Sciences. Students can declare a major or minor by contacting a faculty advisor in Biological Sciences or attending fall or spring departmental Open Advising. Students can declare more than one major or a combination of major and minors (uwm.edu/biology/undergraduate/declare-majorminor/).
Failure to complete a declaration of major may result in a delay in graduation.
Honors in the Major
Students in biological sciences who meet all of the following criteria are awarded honors in the major upon graduation:
- 3.500 cumulative GPA in all UWM graded credits attempted;
- 3.750 GPA in UWM courses counting toward the major;
- 3.500 GPA in all advanced credits that count toward the major; and
- Complete a laboratory or field research independent study (BIO SCI 697, BIO SCI 698, or BIO SCI 699) or internship (BIO SCI 489 or CES 489).
Students who believe they may qualify for honors in biological sciences should apply to the Department during their last semester of study.
College of Letters and Science Dean's Honor List
GPA of 3.750 or above, earned on a full-time student's GPA on 12 or more graded credits in a given semester.
Honors College Degree and Honors College Degree with Distinction
Granted to graduating seniors who complete Honors College requirements, as listed in the Honors College section of this site.
Commencement Honors
Students with a cumulative GPA of 3.500 or above, based on a minimum of 40 graded UWM credits earned prior to the final semester, will receive all-university commencement honors and be awarded the traditional gold cord at the December or May Honors Convocation. Please note that for honors calculation, the GPA is not rounded and is truncated at the third decimal (e.g., 3.499).
Final Honors
Earned on a minimum of 60 graded UWM credits: Cum Laude - 3.500 or above; Magna Cum Laude - 3.650 or above; Summa Cum Laude - 3.800 or above.